Objective: Hyperphosphatemia and high calcium X phosphate product are significant and common risk factors of cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease. However, the relationship is not clear between increased risk and hyperphosphatemia and elevated calcium...

Objective: Smoking is one of the most important cause of cardiovascular disease and known as a preventable risk factor. Lipoproteins especially LDL has an important role in cardiovascular disease. Normally high density lipoproteins protect LDL from oxidation; proinflammatory...

Objective: The prevalence of coronary artery disease is much higher in men than in women and sex hormones might play a role in these differences via their influence on lipid profile. However, the role of sex hormones in the relationship between male gender and cardiovascular...

Objective: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading causes of death worldwide. After understanding the importance of inflammation in the pathogenesis, CRP usage has been increased for the determination of cardiovascular risk. As an inflammation marker, the relationship...

Aim: Lipid profile is used to determine the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and to monitor treatment. Reference change value (RCV) represents the clinical significance of the variation between the results of two consecutive tests and laboratory test results exceeding...

Objective: After proving that chronic low grade inflammation is an important component of atherosclerotic process, C-reactive protein (CRP) has been started to be used for atherosclerotic vascular disease risk determination together with the other risk factors. In practice, to...

Aim: Raynaud's phenomenon is characterized by transient reduction in blood supply through the small arteries in the hands and feet. Secondary Raynaud's phenomenon accompanies collagen vascular diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma. The relationship between...

In chronic renal failure, high plasma homocysteine levels are a common finding and in uremia almost the rule. The cause of hyperhomocysteinemia in ESRD (end stage renal disease) whether it lies in an impared renal or extrarenal metabolism or through uremic retention toxins, is still under...

Aim: Smoking is accepted as a risk factor for primary chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and respiratory system diseases and for cancer development. The aim of this study was to indicate the increase in inflammation in smokers by using high-sensitivity...

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a high risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Vascular calcification (VC) is the most important cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality both in the general population and CKD. VC is mainly associated with mineral metabolism and...

Objective: Metabolic syndrome is a comorbidity of insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, abdominal obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia and associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The secretion of adipocytokines such as leptin and adiponectin...