Under the physiological conditions, protein excretion in urine is less than 150 mg per day. Proteinuria is defined as an excessive rate of protein excretion in the urine. Measurement of proteinuria and identification of its components are important for the diagnosis of various clinical settings....

The reference method for the determination of urinary protein excretion in patients with kidney diseases is the measurement of 24-h protein excretion. But 24-h. urine collection is unreliable and cumbersome. So protein/creatinine ratio (P/C) in spot urine is used to determine proteinuria. In this...

Objective: N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminadase (NAG) is a enzyme which exists in the lysosomes of renal proximal tubular cells. Increased NAG activity in urine is accepted as non-invasive early index of tubular damage. Lupus nephritis is known to be the most important complication of...

Objective: Ascorbic acid is endogenously converted to oxalate and appears to increase the absorption of dietary oxalate, supplementation may increase the risk of kidney stones. In this study is aimed to investigate the relation between the calcium oxalate crystals and urinary...

Objective: Preeclampsia is characterized with edema, proteinuria and hypertension and develops after the 20th week of pregnancy and seen only in pregnancy. In preeclampsia vasospastic ischemia and hypertension can lead to brain, liver and renal infarction. One of the renal...